Recall: the process of retrieving previously stored information in order to perform an activity or behavior. This can be done without any prompting (free recall) or with some prompts (cued recall).
Example: On a quiz I am asked this question “What are the branches of the U.S. government?” This question would require me to free recall the terms. Alternately, I am given the same quiz but this time I am given a hint (cue). The new question reads, “What are the branches of the U.S. government? There are three branches total.” This alternate quiz would be an example of cued recall.
Resources:
http://www.human-memory.net/processes_recall.html
Reception: as opposed to discovery-based learning, Ausubel proposed that learners acquire knowledge by receiving it.
Example: When Dr. Bonk give his lectures I am acquiring the knowledge he is giving me through the process of reception. When I use 20% time, I am using discovery-based learning.
Resources:
http://ww2.coastal.edu/dsmith/edet720/ausubelref.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_bvEjzJ_IM
Reciprocal Determinism: coined by Albert Bandura, this term refers to a theory that posits learned behavior is contingent on an individual’s social interactions and environment. Additionally, in this model, the personality of an individual can also influence learning.
Example: My friend is normally a shy student. He arrives at class for the first day to find that his teacher requires all students to participate at least 3 times per week. Normally, he would have been silent throughout the semester due to his personality. Here the environment (required participation) has influenced my otherwise shy friend.
Resources:
http://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/f/reciprocal-determinism.htm
http://www.integratedsociopsychology.net/reciprocal_determinism.html
Reggio Emilia: a style of learning typically taught to preschool and early childhood students that emphasizes social collaboration, discovery learning, and environment. Originated in Northern Italy.
Example: IPS School # 60 is an example of a Reggio Emilia inspired school. Their mission statement includes “the environment is the third teacher.” http://www.myips.org/domain/5919
Resources:
http://www.aneverydaystory.com/beginners-guide-to-reggio-emilia/main-principles/
http://www.brainy-child.com/article/reggioemilia.shtml
Rehearsal: A commonly used learning device requires an individual to habitually repeat the information in some form. The purpose of repetition is to aid the storage of the information into long-term memory. The repetition can be done in any manner that serves to aid information retention in the brain such as repeating verbally, mentally, etc.
Example: To learn the script for the movie audition June repeats the lines over and over in front of a mirror until she does not need to see the script.
Resources:
http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/539/Rehearsal.html
http://www.intropsych.com/ch06_memory/rehearsal.html
Restructuring: involves the use of metacognition or insight once knowledge is acquired or mastered in order to create new schemata for the purpose of replacing old ones.
Example: Jolie restructures what she knows about birds once she learns that their bones are not solid but hollow.
Resources:
http://www.dsoergel.com/UBLIS571DS-06.1a-1Reading10RumelhartAccretionTuningAndRestructuring.pdf
http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/modes-learning.html
Retention: describes how knowledge is stored in memory for use immediately or at a later time period. Once knowledge is retained it can then be recalled at some point.
Example: In order to pass the exam, Julia retains the key themes of the chapter that is being covered in her memory.
Resources:
http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/110632/psychology/what_is_memory_retention.html
http://pyschologyexperiment.weebly.com
Rote learning: a learning strategy that involves repetition of information until that information can be recalled quickly when needed. Many educators consider this an outdated technique.
Example: Josie is in detention at school and the teacher has her write on the chalkboard “I will not disrupt class” 100 times.
Resources:
http://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/curriculum-instruction/what-is-rote-learning/
https://www.brainscape.com/blog/2011/04/rote-memorization-important/