Observational learning: posits that learning can occur simply by watching behavior without necessarily modeling it. Used by Bandura in his social learning theory.
Example: I’ve learned how to drive on the left side of the road even though I’ve never done it. I watched others in the UK do it but have never driven in the UK myself.
Resources:
http://psychology.about.com/od/oindex/fl/What-Is-Observational-Learning.htm
Operant Conditioning: a Behaviorist theory introduced by B.F. Skinner that states one can alter a behavior through the use of a reinforcement given after a desired behavioral response is elicited.
Example: A student rarely asks quesitons during class. In order to alter this behavior and increase the frequency of question asking, the teacher begins giving extra credit each time the student asks a question. As a result, the extra credit acts as a reinforcement and causes the student to ask questions more often.
Resources